《當代非洲建築風格的多樣性｜傳統與現代的融合》
當代非洲建築是一個多樣且快速發展的領域，受到多種因素的影響，包括文化、社會、環境和經濟背景。
非洲建築——在陽光普照的海濱現代主義建築群之外——在建築和設計媒體中很少受到關注。
但現今從肯尼亞到摩洛哥，大批的非洲世界級建築正在拔地而起，代表著現代建築的精華。
整個非洲大陸，國內外的年輕人才，以及偶爾出現的重量級明星建築師，正在創造創新、低成本和可持續的建築，為世界各地的建築師和開發商提供經驗汲取。
在非洲大陸之外，加納-英國建築師大衛·阿賈耶 @adjayeassociates 尤其引起了人們對非洲建築創新及其氣候智能鄉土風格遺產的關注。
阿賈耶曾居住在多個非洲國家，包括坦桑尼亞和埃及。
他在加納設有辦事處，並訪問了非洲大陸的每個首都城市，以了解非洲城市發展情況。
他將自己的觀察結果發表在一本名為《阿賈耶非洲建築》的七卷書中。
“非洲大陸上最持久、最鼓舞人心的建築通常表現出對氣候的極其恰當的反應，它提供了許多經久不衰的古老創新的例子”
African Architecture - beyond Cape Town's Sun-drenched cluster of beachfront modernism, at least - gets scant attention in the building and design press. But across the continent, young talent, both national and international, as well as the occasional heavy-hitting starchitect, are creating innovative, low-cost and sustainable buildings which offer lessons for architects and developers around the world.
Contemporary African architecture is extremely varied: it ranges from sustainable rural developments to luxury apartments and offices; from schools and hospitals to swanky safari lodges; and from huge infrastructure projects to makeshift improvisations. In all of these styles is a sensitivity to local traditions combined with on-the-ground ingenuity.
Outside the continent, Ghanaian-British architect David Adjaye, in particular, has drawn attention to both the innovation in African architecture and its legacy of climate-smart vernacular styles. Adjaye has lived in several African countries, including Tanzania and Egypt. He has an office in Ghana and has visited every capital city on the continent to get to grips with African urban development. He published his observations in a seven-volume book calledAdjaye Africa Architecture.
"The most enduring and inspirational architecture on the continent generally demonstrates an extraordinarily apposite response to the climate,”
he says. "It offers many examples of age-old innovations that have endured and from which we can learn."
> Read more: The architectural twist that inspired New York’s Jenga skyscraper
Smithsonian National Museum of African American History and Culture（非裔美國人歷史文化博物館）
2022普立茲克獎得主：迪埃貝多·弗朗西斯·凱雷 (Diébédo Francis Kéré) 出生於布基納法索，現居柏林，是 2017 年蛇形展館的設計師，已成為非洲建築的旗手。
他在布基納法索的作品巧妙地融合了傳統和鄉土建築技術和材料（泥磚和波紋鋼板）與當代設計。
他的建築大多使用輕質鋼框架，並由當地工人建造。
這種能力建設實踐——發展當地技能——是凱雷使命的核心。
Meanwhile, Diébédo Francis Kéré, who was born in Burkina Faso but is now based in Berlin and is the designer of the 2017 Serpentine Pavilion (often a career-making commission), has emerged as a standard-bearer for African architecture. His work in the continent, predominantly in Burkina Faso, is a smart blend of traditional and vernacular construction techniques and materials - mud bricks and corrugated-steel sheets - with contemporary design. His buildings mostly use lightweight steel frames and are designed to be built using local labourers. This practice of capacity building - of developing local skills - is central to Kéré's mission.
He designed his first building, a primary school for his former home village of Gando, while studying at the Technical University of Berlin. The school, with its roof of vaulted corrugated steel, helped define Kéré's rural hi-tech style, and was awarded the Aga Khan Award for Architecture in 2004. Even more radical is the Lycée Schorge Secondary School, also in Burkina Faso. It was completed in 2016 and features wind-catching towers and an undulating ceiling of offset plaster and concrete.
Kéré's most ambitious work, though, is the ongoing Opera Village project in Laongo, which is a mixed-use complex near Burkina Faso's capital, Ouagadougou. That may be outdone, however, if his masterplan for a new Burkina Faso national assembly and memorial park ever comes to fruition. The country held its first competitive presidential election in 2015, and the new government asked Kéré to create a vision for an assembly building. He unveiled plans at the Venice Architecture Biennale in 2016 for the ziggurat.
The building's design also includes several green terraces, which will showcase new agricultural methods. The site of the old assembly building, which was all but destroyed in pro-democracy demonstrations, would become a memorial park. Whether it gets built or not, Kéré's design exemplifies the best of contemporary African architecture, singular but not show-boating, rooted in vernacular styles and responsive to local needs.
@kerearchitecture 肯亞教育學園
從遠處看，校園以三座高大的通風塔為特色，工作室仿照整個地區發現的白蟻群落建造的高土丘。
每座塔樓都通過向上抽取暖空氣來説明冷卻建築物的內部，
因為新鮮空氣通過帶有編織稻草色調的可調節低層開口引入。這種技術稱為堆疊效應。
From afar, the campus is distinguished by three tall ventilation towers that the studio modelled on the tall mounds built by termite colonies found throughout the region.
Each tower helps cool the building's interiors by extracting warm air upwards, as fresh air is brought in through adjustable low-level openings with woven straw shades. This technique is called the stack effect.
道爾頓之家
■道爾頓之家
設計師：Alberto Morell Sixto
地點：肯尼亞
道爾頓之家是西班牙建築師對斯瓦希里建築進行改造的另一個例子。
該建築位於肯尼亞海岸線懸崖表面的一個缺口中，有一個 9.9 米寬的樓梯，可以引導人們從後面的紅樹林爬上兩層樓，欣賞印度洋的高處景觀。
道爾頓之家使用當地採購的材料，如珊瑚石，並在工匠的幫助下建造。
Designer: Alberto Morell Sixto
Location: Kenya
Dalton House is another example of a Spanish architect taking on Swahili architecture with a twist. Slotted into a gap in the cliff face on the Kenyan coastline, the structure has a 9.9-metre-wide staircase to lead people up two storeys from the mangrove forest at the rear to elevated views of the Indian Ocean. Dalton House uses locally sourced materials such as coral stone, and was built with the help of craftsmen.
聖心大教堂
■ 聖心大教堂
埃德蒙·薩姆納
設計師：John McAslan + Partners
地點：肯尼亞
英國建築師約翰·麥卡斯蘭 (John McAslan) 靠近裂谷，在內羅畢以西約 250 公里處，建造了一座可容納 1,500 人的大教堂，擁有引人注目的拱形屋頂。
麥卡斯蘭曾參與倫敦國王十字車站的擴建和卡姆登圓屋改造，並在非洲參與過多個項目。
凱里喬的大教堂使用當地材料，不使用彩色玻璃，並由當地建築商和製造商建造。引人注目的弧形天花板包含指接的柏木板條，屋頂使用粘土瓦。
Designers: John McAslan + Partners
Location: Kenya
Close to the Rift Valley, around 250 kilometres west of Nairobi, British architect John McAslan has created a 1,500-capacity cathedral with a dramatic vaulted roof. McAslan, whose practice was behind the swooping London King's Cross station extension and the Camden Roundhouse renovation, has worked on several projects in Africa. The cathedral in Kericho uses local materials, bar the stained glass, and was built using local builders and manufacturers. The dramatic curved ceiling contains finger-joined cypress-timber slats and the roof uses clay tiles.
阿尤恩技術學校
設計師 Designers: Saad El Kabbaj, Driss Kettani and Mohamed Amine Siana
地點 Location: Morocco
設計師：Xavier Vilalta
地點：埃塞俄比亞
這座位於亞的斯亞貝巴的購物中心其外牆採用輕質預製混凝土。
該建築被認為是非洲最大的露天市場的現代詮釋。該結構的穿孔表皮允許中庭自然通風，而其設計參考了傳統埃塞俄比亞織物上的分形圖案。
屋頂收集雨水，可以過濾並重複利用。
Designer: Xavier Vilalta
Location: Ethiopia
Designed by Valencia-based architect Xavier Vilalta, this shopping centre in Addis Ababa has a façade of lightweight prefab concrete.
The building was conceived as a contemporary take on the city's open-air market - the largest in Africa.
The structure's perforated skin allows for natural ventilation of the atrium, while its design references a fractal pattern found on traditional Ethiopian fabrics.
The roof captures rainwater, which can be filtered and reused.
MAUD在建築風格上，其實受到許多當代非洲建築的影響，極其多樣化：從可持續的鄉村發展到豪華公寓和辦公室；從學校和醫院到豪華的旅館；從大型基礎設施項目到臨時搭建的項目。
所有這些風格都體現了對當地傳統的結構特色與現代永續發展的敏感性與實地的獨創性相結合。
MAUD is influenced by various contemporary African architectural styles, showcasing a great diversity. These styles range from sustainable rural developments to luxurious apartments and offices, from schools and hospitals to lavish hotels, and from large-scale infrastructure projects to temporary structures.
All these styles embody a fusion of local traditional architectural features with a sensitivity to modern sustainable development and a touch of originality in practicality.
參考尼克·康普頓 (Nick Compton)
撰寫者: Misha Yeh
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